The Global Scenario for Management of Dyes: Recent Advances in Natural and Man-Made Dyes

Abstract

In this chapter, the origins, procedures, chemistry, and functionality of dyes are critically described. Natural dyes have comparatively more environmentally friendly life cycles than man-made dyes, but they are not as cost-effective. Poor performance is a characteristic of natural dyes that can be improved by the use of mordants. However, most mordants are substances derived from transitional elements that pose hazards to the environment. The inability to control dye concentration during the dyeing process and the instability of dyes at the required dyeing temperature may be the causes of poor performance. As an alternative to using mordants, it is recommended to research methods for enhancing dye stability under ideal dyeing conditions. Environmental challenges can be addressed through the application of green production and the use of dyes, which will reduce the cost of cleanup and the environmental impact caused by dyes. The use of green solvents during extraction and improved extraction technologies are expected to alleviate the environmental difficulties associated with natural dyes. It is suggested that dye performance enhancement could be achieved by modifying the dye structure using green mordants. Man-made dyes are produced using unsustainable raw materials and non-renewable resources, which are strongly linked to environmental and health issues. To establish a sustainable dye industry, it is recommended to produce man-made dyes using environmentally friendly and renewable raw materials. Cashew nutshell liquid has been proposed as a potential renewable and environmentally friendly raw material for man-made dyes. Future studies should examine the scientific and financial feasibility of using cashew nutshell liquid as an ingredient in dye manufacturing. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.