Hydrogen utilization for renewable ammonia production (Power-to-Ammonia)

Abstract

Ammonia is a liquid and inorganic chemical that is simply storable and transportable as industrial raw material. Ammonia has been extensively used for various applications over a century from producing agricultural fertilizers (e.g., ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, and urea) to producing power through an internal combustion engine (ICE) with a high-octane rate of 110-130 and the fuel cells (e.g., ammonia fuel cells). Moreover, ammonia has gained more attention in the last decade to be considered as a hydrogen carrier due to significant challenges in hydrogen storage and transportation. Even though the ammonia synthesis industry is still dominated by fossil fuels, which hurt the environment dramatically, renewable ammonia synthesis pathways can be a promising method to meet the ammonia requirement of the world. Therefore, the scope of this book chapter is to introduce the hydrogen-based renewable ammonia synthesis pathways by presenting worldwide simulative and demonstrative projects. Moreover, a thermodynamic analysis performed for the 1-MW power-to-ammonia system and the remarkable results taken from the analysis are discussed. Finally, the conclusions and future directions are presented. © 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.