Pd anchored to layered double hydroxide modified with chitosan and Echinophora platyloba extract as a nanocatalyst for the formylation of aryl iodides with formic acid

Abstract

The novel Zn-Cu-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) encapsulated within a chitosan/glutaraldehyde matrix, designated as LDH@Cs/G@Pd, was synthesized through simplified methodologies for the preparation of aromatic aldehyde derivatives. Formic acid served as the carbon monoxide source and hydrogen donor, while chitosan/glutaraldehyde acted as the linking agent between the substrate and palladium nanoparticles, with Echinophora platyloba extract functioning as the reducing agent for palladium. The characterization of LDH@Cs/ G@Pd was conducted using a variety of analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results indicate that the catalyst has been successfully synthesized and Showed promising characteristics for its intended application. Afterward, the catalyst was utilized to Synthesize aromatic aldehydes. The catalyst developed in this study demonstrated a synthesis yield of approximately 95 % for aromatic aldehydes, confirming its potential as an effective candidate for industrial applications.