The Use of Lithium (Poly)sulfide Species in Li–S Batteries

Abstract

Emerging lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries for load levelling and transport is challenging, especially for materials chemistry, and will be a major focus for upcoming years. However, in the longer term, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) cannot deliver high-energy densities and more radical approaches are necessary. There are several options to go beyond this limit and one of the possibilities for achieving longer storage life and high-energy batteries associated with cost and environmental advantages is the lithium–sulfur (Li–S) system which can theoretically offer three to five fold increase in energy density compared with conventional Li-ion cells. Although the Li–S system has interested the battery community for more than five decades, 1 it still faces issues such as poor cycle life, to reach the market place.2 © 2022 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.